St George's Church
St George's Church is a redundant Church of England church of mid-18th century origin at the west end of Reforne, close to Weston and Easton. St George's was built in 1754-64 to replace Portland's original parish church, St Andrew's.
St George's served as Portland's parish church until 1865, when it became the parish church for Tophill only. It remained active until 1917 when a new parish church, All Saints', was completed and consecrated in 1917. After falling into disrepair, St George's was restored during the 1960s and has been under the care of the Churches Conservation Trust since the 1970s.
Although no longer retained for regular worship, services are held twice annually; on St George's Day and Christmas Day. The church is also opened by volunteers during the peak season for the benefit of visitors.
St George's became a Grade I listed building in January 1951. In addition to this, the graveyard wall became Grade II listed in September 1978, and the lychgate entrance in May 1993.
History
Disrepair of St Andrew's and proposals for a replacement church (1753)
St George's Church was built to replace Portland's original parish church, St Andrew's, at Church Ope Cove. St Andrew's, which had traces of Norman origin, remained in religious use until the mid-18th century, but required frequent repairs and suffered due to its unstable site, which was prone to landslides. Having fallen into considerable disrepair during the 1750s, a meeting was held by the parish vestry on 30 August 1753 over the church's future. A committee was formed to determine whether St Andrew's should be repaired or replaced with a new church. The elected members of the committee were the rector of Portland, Rev John Cooth, the churchwardens Edward Pearce and Colpass Attwooll, the builder/architect Thomas Gilbert, and two prominent landowners and quarry merchants, John and Richard Tucker.
The committee's report, which was submitted during a vestry meeting on 2 November, determined that the existing church was so ruinous that "repairs must cost more than half the expense of building a new Church". Furthermore, the precarious site was described as "dangerous", while the church itself was considered too small and poorly-sited to serve Portland's residents. By the time of the report, Thomas Gilbert had produced plans for an "extensive and well defined church", which he proposed could be erected on an open site at the west end of Reforne. In addition to being far more conveniently placed for the congregation to reach, the site also had ample space for a cemetery.
Approval, construction and consecration of St George's Church (1753-66)
In addition to designing the church, Thomas Gilbert was contracted to carry out and oversee its construction, with the committee placing a limit of £2,100 for the new church, with the exception of "ceiling the roof and carriage of material", and the establishment of a tabernacle to provide Portland with a temporary place of worship. It was agreed that, with the exception of the seats, Gilbert would be free to reuse or sell materials and fittings from St Andrew's for the benefit of the new church. The committee also determined that most of the costs of construction could be raised through the freehold selling of the church's seats and pews, applying an additional rate on the island's properties, and sourcing some capital from the Portland Stone Grant Fund. Once the scheme for the new church was approved on 8 November 1753, fundraising efforts began. A petition to King George II resulted in a donation of £500, while other major benefactors included George Pitt and Humphrey Sturt, and John and Richard Tucker.
Although work on St George's had commenced in 1754, the required Act of Parliament for the church and its cemetery was not passed until 1756. The act appointed thirty-six trustees to assist in the construction and raising of funds for the new church, with each trustee able to "contract and agree with Thomas Gilbert, Architect, or with any other able and experienced Workman or Workmen, for finishing and completing the said new Parish Church, and for fitting up the same with Pews, Seats, Galleries, and other Conveniences or Ornaments, necessary for the Accommodation of the Parishioners attending the publick Worship; and also to lay out and inclose such Cemetary or Burial Ground, in such Manner as the said Trustees, or any Seven or more of them, so Assembled, shall order and direct." The act also approved of the proposals for raising the required capital for the church, along with the establishment of a temporary tabernacle. A condition of the selling of seats was that owners were required "to repair, and keep in Repair, their respective Pews and Seats".
While marriage ceremonies continued to be held at St Andrew's into late 1757, regular public services ceased there during 1756, and were transferred to the proposed tabernacle, which had been erected that year at Wakeham, "in or near [a] dwelling" owned by Mr Cooper. Over the ten years of its use, the communion table at St Andrew's was moved between the two sites as required.
Work on St George's steadily progressed over the following years, although construction had to be halted at times to allow for further funds to be raised. It was eventually completed in 1764 and consecrated on 29 July 1766 by the Bishop of Bristol, the Right Rev. Dr. Thomas Newton. In accordance with his wishes, a group of Portlanders carried the Bishop across the passage at Smallmouth on their shoulders, and he was then taken to the new church by cart. In addition to the church, a parish clerk's residence was quickly established at what is now the George Inn, while the church's rectory, now known as the Old Rectory, was built at Old Hill, overlooking Fortuneswell.
St George's suffered extensive damage during a storm of November 1795, which left the entire roof in need of replacement. While temporary repairs allowed the church to remain open, construction of a new roof was carried out in 1798-99. £464 from the Stone Grant Fund was put towards the costs and a donation of £200 was received from King George III.
19th century use of St George's and plans for a replacement church
Later in the 1830s, St George's had become too small and inconvenient to serve the growing population of Underhill. A decision was made to erect a daughter church and St John's was constructed at Fortuneswell in 1838-40. Portland's population continued to expand throughout the mid-19th century onwards, particularly with the transformation of Portland Roads into a harbour of refuge, along with other government works on the island, and the increasing presence of the Royal Navy and Army. These increases to the island's population prompted Underhill to become its own parish in 1865, with St John's serving as the parish church, leaving St George's to serve the residents of Tophill.
During the late 19th century, Portland's rector, the Bishop of Salisbury and many of Tophill's congregation expressed support for a new church to be constructed to replace St George's. A September 1891 meeting on the matter, held at St George's School, confirmed that a new church would be built, with Portland's rector of the time, Rev. John Augustine Beazor, describing St George's as "detrimental to the progress of the Church on the island". One of the primary issues revolved around the original decision to sell the church's seating as freehold. Not only had the owners become untraceable as they had been split between hundreds of members of Portland families over time, but it was felt their freehold status discouraged many members of the congregation from attending services. Furthermore, the church had gained a reputation for being uncomfortable and cold in the winter due to the lack of heating apparatus.
Fundraising for a new church began in 1910 and All Saints' Church would be completed and consecrated in 1917. All rites and powers of St George's was transferred to All Saints', but as the new parish church did not have its own burial ground, St George's was retained for burial services. During its use as a cemetery chapel, St George's saw a gradual decline in its condition. Some bomb damage was suffered in a German air raid in 1940, while vandalism, the theft of lead and other materials, as well as the collapse of its guttering hastened the church's decline. By the 1950s, St George's continued its official function as a cemetery chapel, but was primarily used for storage, while Portland's rector would willingly show visitors inside on request. In 1968, the newly-formed Friends of St George's Church embarked on restoring the church. St George's was officially declared redundant by the Church of England on 16 April 1970 and vested to the Churches Conservation Trust on 27 October 1971.
Later in early 2012, a five month restoration programme, as part of the initiative Operation Nightingale, began at the church, with £800,000 being spent on repairs. A full archaeological survey of the church was carried out by Wessex Archaeology, while voluntary labour was provided by soldiers who had returned from active service. Part of the work included the restoration of many tombstones and memorials within the churchyard.
Architecture
Designed by the builder, architect and quarry merchant Thomas Gilbert, St George's is regarded as one of the most impressive 18th century churches in Dorset. It is a large church built of Portland stone and is made up of a nave, transepts, apse, west tower and an 'abortive dome' over the crossing. The design is reminiscent of the works of Christopher Wren (particularly the tower, in relation to those of St Paul's Cathedral). A north porch was added during the early 19th century. The windows are arranged in two tiers, all with simple, broad raised frames. The chancel's stained glass window of 1878, which depicts St George and the Dragon, was gifted by the churchwarden Mr. Richard Lano. The church has two central pulpits, one used for sermons and the other for reading the word. The church was designed to accommodate 600 worshippers, with the pews overlooked by two galleries and a choir gallery. On 23 April 1978, a memorial tablet to the four residents of Portland who were killed in the Easton Massacre of 1803 was unveiled at the church by Rear Admiral G. I. Pritchard.
In the 1972 book The Buildings of England: Dorset, authors John Newman and Nikolaus Pevsner wrote: "The most impressive 18th century church in Dorset, partly owing to its solitary position, partly owing to its singular - and by no means faultless - architecture." They considered Gilbert's design to be of "true grandeur".
Churchyard
The churchyard of St George's is enclosed by a Portland stone wall, with a lychgate at the main entrance. The eastern lintel is inscribed 'To the Glory of God', and the west with 'A Shelter for those who mourn'. The stone panel on the south side of the entry records that the gate is a memorial to Rebecca Newman Stone, who died in 1934, and that to the north, undated, 'Also erected in memory of Edward and Ann Comben Stone'.
By 1772, the condition of the churchyard had become "very wet and unwholesome", with many newly-dug graves quickly filling with water. A vestry meeting was called on 27 February of that year, where plans were made to excavate a ditch around the churchyard, in order to improve draining. All male inhabitants of the island, including children, were required to provide labour to the project. Alternatively, individuals were able to allocate another male to carry out their share of the work, otherwise pay 2s 6d per day for their absence.
The churchyard was enlarged in 1840 and again between July-November 1873, when two parties of convicts from Portland Prison carried out the work, which included erecting a new wall of 1,630 feet in length and 5 feet in height. The 797 tons of required stone was donated by the Commissioners of the Admiralty, dressed by convicts and transported to the churchyard by a contractor. The convicts also drained and laid out the new extension of the churchyard, including laying paths and planting shrubs. The extension was consecrated by the Bishop of Salisbury, the Right Rev. George Moberly, on 4 November 1873. Another extension of approximately two acres westwards was made in 1910. The cost of the additional land was paid for out of the compensation received from Trinity House in 1903 for the loss of common land on which the new Portland Bill Lighthouse was built. The extension was consecrated by the Bishop of Salisbury, the Right Rev. John Wordsworth, on 23 August 1910.
In the 1950s, Portland Cemetery was established south of the churchyard. The Portland Urban District Council discontinued burials at St George's in 1967 (with the exception of family graves).
The churchyard has an estimated 2,500 headstones and monuments, some of which have become the subject of fascination. Some of those buried at the church include:
Parish room
In 1904, a parish room for St George's was established in the grounds of St George's School. The building was originally erected at Easton Lane in 1899 as a navvy mission hall by Messrs Hill & Company of Gosport, who carried out a number of government works in the area during that period. The building was purchased in 1904 and opened as St George's parish room on 15 December 1904. The room continued its function after St George's was replaced by All Saints in 1917. After a church hall was built for All Saints in the 1950s, the room was used by the school before being demolished in the 1960s.
References
The following is an A-Z list of references for this page.
1) BBC News Dorset - St George's Reforne church restored to former glory - June 2012 - website page
2) Church of England - Diocese of Salisbury: All Schemes - 2011 - pages 8, 9 - PDF document
3) Defence Archaeology Group - St George’s Church, Portland hosts ‘Operation Nightingale' - website page
4) Exploring Portland - St George's Church Area - Geoff Kirby - website page
5) Historic England - The National Heritage List for England - Church of St George, Graveyard Wall - website page
6) Historic England - The National Heritage List for England - Church of St George, Lych Gate - website page
7) Historic England - The National Heritage List for England - Church of St George, Reforne - website page
8) Historic England - The National Heritage List for England - The Old Rectory, with Boundary Walls, 1, 1A and 2, Old Hill - website page
9) Isle of Portland Official Guide - Portland Urban District Council - Ed. J. Burrow & Co. Ltd, Chelternham and London - circa 1962 - page 20 - book
10) Portland Encyclopaedia - Rodney Legg - Dorset Publishing Company - 1999 - ISBN: 978-0948699566 - pages 7, 132 - book
11) Portland Year Book 1905 - Churches and Chapels etc - St George's Church - Paul Benyon - website page
12) Portland Year Book 1905 - Portland's Population - Paul Benyon - website page
13) Report of the Directors of Convict Prisons - Portland Prison - Extracts from the Governor's report for the year 1873
14) The British Newspaper Archive - various contemporary newspaper articles - website page
15) The Buildings of England: Dorset - John Newman and Nikolaus Pevsner - Yale University Press - 1972 - ISBN: 978-0300095982 - pages 341, 342 - book
16) The Churches Conservation Trust (visitchurches.org.uk) - Our Churches: St George's Church, Portland, Dorset - website page
17) The Dorset Historic Churches Trust - St. George, Reforne, Portland - website page
18) The Island and Royal Manor of Portland 1750-1851 - J. H. Bettey - University of Bristol - 1970 - ISBN: 978-0901047052 - pages 75-80 - book
St George's served as Portland's parish church until 1865, when it became the parish church for Tophill only. It remained active until 1917 when a new parish church, All Saints', was completed and consecrated in 1917. After falling into disrepair, St George's was restored during the 1960s and has been under the care of the Churches Conservation Trust since the 1970s.
Although no longer retained for regular worship, services are held twice annually; on St George's Day and Christmas Day. The church is also opened by volunteers during the peak season for the benefit of visitors.
St George's became a Grade I listed building in January 1951. In addition to this, the graveyard wall became Grade II listed in September 1978, and the lychgate entrance in May 1993.
History
Disrepair of St Andrew's and proposals for a replacement church (1753)
St George's Church was built to replace Portland's original parish church, St Andrew's, at Church Ope Cove. St Andrew's, which had traces of Norman origin, remained in religious use until the mid-18th century, but required frequent repairs and suffered due to its unstable site, which was prone to landslides. Having fallen into considerable disrepair during the 1750s, a meeting was held by the parish vestry on 30 August 1753 over the church's future. A committee was formed to determine whether St Andrew's should be repaired or replaced with a new church. The elected members of the committee were the rector of Portland, Rev John Cooth, the churchwardens Edward Pearce and Colpass Attwooll, the builder/architect Thomas Gilbert, and two prominent landowners and quarry merchants, John and Richard Tucker.
The committee's report, which was submitted during a vestry meeting on 2 November, determined that the existing church was so ruinous that "repairs must cost more than half the expense of building a new Church". Furthermore, the precarious site was described as "dangerous", while the church itself was considered too small and poorly-sited to serve Portland's residents. By the time of the report, Thomas Gilbert had produced plans for an "extensive and well defined church", which he proposed could be erected on an open site at the west end of Reforne. In addition to being far more conveniently placed for the congregation to reach, the site also had ample space for a cemetery.
Approval, construction and consecration of St George's Church (1753-66)
In addition to designing the church, Thomas Gilbert was contracted to carry out and oversee its construction, with the committee placing a limit of £2,100 for the new church, with the exception of "ceiling the roof and carriage of material", and the establishment of a tabernacle to provide Portland with a temporary place of worship. It was agreed that, with the exception of the seats, Gilbert would be free to reuse or sell materials and fittings from St Andrew's for the benefit of the new church. The committee also determined that most of the costs of construction could be raised through the freehold selling of the church's seats and pews, applying an additional rate on the island's properties, and sourcing some capital from the Portland Stone Grant Fund. Once the scheme for the new church was approved on 8 November 1753, fundraising efforts began. A petition to King George II resulted in a donation of £500, while other major benefactors included George Pitt and Humphrey Sturt, and John and Richard Tucker.
Although work on St George's had commenced in 1754, the required Act of Parliament for the church and its cemetery was not passed until 1756. The act appointed thirty-six trustees to assist in the construction and raising of funds for the new church, with each trustee able to "contract and agree with Thomas Gilbert, Architect, or with any other able and experienced Workman or Workmen, for finishing and completing the said new Parish Church, and for fitting up the same with Pews, Seats, Galleries, and other Conveniences or Ornaments, necessary for the Accommodation of the Parishioners attending the publick Worship; and also to lay out and inclose such Cemetary or Burial Ground, in such Manner as the said Trustees, or any Seven or more of them, so Assembled, shall order and direct." The act also approved of the proposals for raising the required capital for the church, along with the establishment of a temporary tabernacle. A condition of the selling of seats was that owners were required "to repair, and keep in Repair, their respective Pews and Seats".
While marriage ceremonies continued to be held at St Andrew's into late 1757, regular public services ceased there during 1756, and were transferred to the proposed tabernacle, which had been erected that year at Wakeham, "in or near [a] dwelling" owned by Mr Cooper. Over the ten years of its use, the communion table at St Andrew's was moved between the two sites as required.
Work on St George's steadily progressed over the following years, although construction had to be halted at times to allow for further funds to be raised. It was eventually completed in 1764 and consecrated on 29 July 1766 by the Bishop of Bristol, the Right Rev. Dr. Thomas Newton. In accordance with his wishes, a group of Portlanders carried the Bishop across the passage at Smallmouth on their shoulders, and he was then taken to the new church by cart. In addition to the church, a parish clerk's residence was quickly established at what is now the George Inn, while the church's rectory, now known as the Old Rectory, was built at Old Hill, overlooking Fortuneswell.
St George's suffered extensive damage during a storm of November 1795, which left the entire roof in need of replacement. While temporary repairs allowed the church to remain open, construction of a new roof was carried out in 1798-99. £464 from the Stone Grant Fund was put towards the costs and a donation of £200 was received from King George III.
19th century use of St George's and plans for a replacement church
Later in the 1830s, St George's had become too small and inconvenient to serve the growing population of Underhill. A decision was made to erect a daughter church and St John's was constructed at Fortuneswell in 1838-40. Portland's population continued to expand throughout the mid-19th century onwards, particularly with the transformation of Portland Roads into a harbour of refuge, along with other government works on the island, and the increasing presence of the Royal Navy and Army. These increases to the island's population prompted Underhill to become its own parish in 1865, with St John's serving as the parish church, leaving St George's to serve the residents of Tophill.
During the late 19th century, Portland's rector, the Bishop of Salisbury and many of Tophill's congregation expressed support for a new church to be constructed to replace St George's. A September 1891 meeting on the matter, held at St George's School, confirmed that a new church would be built, with Portland's rector of the time, Rev. John Augustine Beazor, describing St George's as "detrimental to the progress of the Church on the island". One of the primary issues revolved around the original decision to sell the church's seating as freehold. Not only had the owners become untraceable as they had been split between hundreds of members of Portland families over time, but it was felt their freehold status discouraged many members of the congregation from attending services. Furthermore, the church had gained a reputation for being uncomfortable and cold in the winter due to the lack of heating apparatus.
Fundraising for a new church began in 1910 and All Saints' Church would be completed and consecrated in 1917. All rites and powers of St George's was transferred to All Saints', but as the new parish church did not have its own burial ground, St George's was retained for burial services. During its use as a cemetery chapel, St George's saw a gradual decline in its condition. Some bomb damage was suffered in a German air raid in 1940, while vandalism, the theft of lead and other materials, as well as the collapse of its guttering hastened the church's decline. By the 1950s, St George's continued its official function as a cemetery chapel, but was primarily used for storage, while Portland's rector would willingly show visitors inside on request. In 1968, the newly-formed Friends of St George's Church embarked on restoring the church. St George's was officially declared redundant by the Church of England on 16 April 1970 and vested to the Churches Conservation Trust on 27 October 1971.
Later in early 2012, a five month restoration programme, as part of the initiative Operation Nightingale, began at the church, with £800,000 being spent on repairs. A full archaeological survey of the church was carried out by Wessex Archaeology, while voluntary labour was provided by soldiers who had returned from active service. Part of the work included the restoration of many tombstones and memorials within the churchyard.
Architecture
Designed by the builder, architect and quarry merchant Thomas Gilbert, St George's is regarded as one of the most impressive 18th century churches in Dorset. It is a large church built of Portland stone and is made up of a nave, transepts, apse, west tower and an 'abortive dome' over the crossing. The design is reminiscent of the works of Christopher Wren (particularly the tower, in relation to those of St Paul's Cathedral). A north porch was added during the early 19th century. The windows are arranged in two tiers, all with simple, broad raised frames. The chancel's stained glass window of 1878, which depicts St George and the Dragon, was gifted by the churchwarden Mr. Richard Lano. The church has two central pulpits, one used for sermons and the other for reading the word. The church was designed to accommodate 600 worshippers, with the pews overlooked by two galleries and a choir gallery. On 23 April 1978, a memorial tablet to the four residents of Portland who were killed in the Easton Massacre of 1803 was unveiled at the church by Rear Admiral G. I. Pritchard.
In the 1972 book The Buildings of England: Dorset, authors John Newman and Nikolaus Pevsner wrote: "The most impressive 18th century church in Dorset, partly owing to its solitary position, partly owing to its singular - and by no means faultless - architecture." They considered Gilbert's design to be of "true grandeur".
Churchyard
The churchyard of St George's is enclosed by a Portland stone wall, with a lychgate at the main entrance. The eastern lintel is inscribed 'To the Glory of God', and the west with 'A Shelter for those who mourn'. The stone panel on the south side of the entry records that the gate is a memorial to Rebecca Newman Stone, who died in 1934, and that to the north, undated, 'Also erected in memory of Edward and Ann Comben Stone'.
By 1772, the condition of the churchyard had become "very wet and unwholesome", with many newly-dug graves quickly filling with water. A vestry meeting was called on 27 February of that year, where plans were made to excavate a ditch around the churchyard, in order to improve draining. All male inhabitants of the island, including children, were required to provide labour to the project. Alternatively, individuals were able to allocate another male to carry out their share of the work, otherwise pay 2s 6d per day for their absence.
The churchyard was enlarged in 1840 and again between July-November 1873, when two parties of convicts from Portland Prison carried out the work, which included erecting a new wall of 1,630 feet in length and 5 feet in height. The 797 tons of required stone was donated by the Commissioners of the Admiralty, dressed by convicts and transported to the churchyard by a contractor. The convicts also drained and laid out the new extension of the churchyard, including laying paths and planting shrubs. The extension was consecrated by the Bishop of Salisbury, the Right Rev. George Moberly, on 4 November 1873. Another extension of approximately two acres westwards was made in 1910. The cost of the additional land was paid for out of the compensation received from Trinity House in 1903 for the loss of common land on which the new Portland Bill Lighthouse was built. The extension was consecrated by the Bishop of Salisbury, the Right Rev. John Wordsworth, on 23 August 1910.
In the 1950s, Portland Cemetery was established south of the churchyard. The Portland Urban District Council discontinued burials at St George's in 1967 (with the exception of family graves).
The churchyard has an estimated 2,500 headstones and monuments, some of which have become the subject of fascination. Some of those buried at the church include:
- Mary Way and William Lano - victims of the Easton Massacre of 1803
- William Hansford - killed when his house fell on him during the infamous storms of November 1824
- William Pearce - struck by lightning in 1858 while on duty atop Chesil Beach
- Joseph Trevitt - an assistant warder at Portland Prison, murdered by a convict in 1869
- Johann Magdelinsky - drowned when the Royal Adelaide sank off Chesil in 1872.
Parish room
In 1904, a parish room for St George's was established in the grounds of St George's School. The building was originally erected at Easton Lane in 1899 as a navvy mission hall by Messrs Hill & Company of Gosport, who carried out a number of government works in the area during that period. The building was purchased in 1904 and opened as St George's parish room on 15 December 1904. The room continued its function after St George's was replaced by All Saints in 1917. After a church hall was built for All Saints in the 1950s, the room was used by the school before being demolished in the 1960s.
References
The following is an A-Z list of references for this page.
1) BBC News Dorset - St George's Reforne church restored to former glory - June 2012 - website page
2) Church of England - Diocese of Salisbury: All Schemes - 2011 - pages 8, 9 - PDF document
3) Defence Archaeology Group - St George’s Church, Portland hosts ‘Operation Nightingale' - website page
4) Exploring Portland - St George's Church Area - Geoff Kirby - website page
5) Historic England - The National Heritage List for England - Church of St George, Graveyard Wall - website page
6) Historic England - The National Heritage List for England - Church of St George, Lych Gate - website page
7) Historic England - The National Heritage List for England - Church of St George, Reforne - website page
8) Historic England - The National Heritage List for England - The Old Rectory, with Boundary Walls, 1, 1A and 2, Old Hill - website page
9) Isle of Portland Official Guide - Portland Urban District Council - Ed. J. Burrow & Co. Ltd, Chelternham and London - circa 1962 - page 20 - book
10) Portland Encyclopaedia - Rodney Legg - Dorset Publishing Company - 1999 - ISBN: 978-0948699566 - pages 7, 132 - book
11) Portland Year Book 1905 - Churches and Chapels etc - St George's Church - Paul Benyon - website page
12) Portland Year Book 1905 - Portland's Population - Paul Benyon - website page
13) Report of the Directors of Convict Prisons - Portland Prison - Extracts from the Governor's report for the year 1873
14) The British Newspaper Archive - various contemporary newspaper articles - website page
15) The Buildings of England: Dorset - John Newman and Nikolaus Pevsner - Yale University Press - 1972 - ISBN: 978-0300095982 - pages 341, 342 - book
16) The Churches Conservation Trust (visitchurches.org.uk) - Our Churches: St George's Church, Portland, Dorset - website page
17) The Dorset Historic Churches Trust - St. George, Reforne, Portland - website page
18) The Island and Royal Manor of Portland 1750-1851 - J. H. Bettey - University of Bristol - 1970 - ISBN: 978-0901047052 - pages 75-80 - book
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